第二节 方法运用于命题
阅读理解的常考命题
1．细节理解题
细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非等。 2．词义猜测题
高考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜测词义(重述、定义、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词等)；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻辑猜测词义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等。 3．推理判断题
推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键。其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不可出现绝对概念。其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混珠、扩缩范围等。 4．主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段；确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。其干扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概念；无中生有，生搬硬套等。
点津 解答各类命题时往往是多法并举，而不是一种方法解决一种题。
(2017·全国Ⅱ，A)
In the coming months，we are bringing together artists from all over the globe，to enjoy speaking Shakespeare’s plays in their own language，in our Globe，within the architecture Shakespeare wrote for.Please come and join us. National Theatre of China Beijing|Chinese
This great occasion(盛会) will be the National Theatre of China’s first visit to
the UK.The company’s productions show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre.This production of Shakespeare’s Richard Ⅲ will be directed by the National’s Associate Director，Wang Xiaoying.
Date & Time：Saturday 28 April,2：30 pm & Sunday 29 April,1：30 pm & 6：30 pm Marjanishvili Theatre Tbilisi|Georgian
One of the most famous theatres in Georgia，the Marjanishvili，founded in 1928，appears regularly at theatre festivals all over the world.This new production of As
You Like It is helmed(指导) by the company’s Artistic Director Levan Tsuladze.
Date & Time：Friday 18 May,2：30 pm & Saturday 19 May,7：30 pm Deafinitely Theatre London|British Sign Language (BSL)
By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL，Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
Date & Time：Tuesday 22 May,2：30 pm & Wednesday 23 May,7：30 pm Habima National Theatre Tel Aviv|Hebrew
The Habima is the centre of Hebrew-language theatre worldwide.Founded in Moscow after the 1905 revolution，the company eventually settled in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s.Since 1958，they have been recognised as the national theatre of Israel.This production of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice marks their first visit to the UK. Date & Time：Monday 28 May,7：30 pm & Tuesday 29 May,7：30 pm
语篇解读 本文是四则广告，属于应用文。文章主要介绍了四家剧院有关莎士比亚戏剧的演出信息。 21．Which play will be performed by the National Theatre of China? A．Richard Ⅲ.
B．Love’s Labour’s Lost. C．As You Like It. D．The Merchant of Venice. 答案 A
解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据“National Theatre of China Beijing|Chinese”下面的第三句“This production of Shakespeare’s
Richard Ⅲ will be directed by the National’s Associate Director，Wang Xiaoying.”
可知，将要在中国国家大剧院上演的是Richard Ⅲ，故选A项。
22．What is special about Deafinitely Theatre? A．It has two groups of actors. B．It is the leading theatre in London. C．It performs plays in BSL. D．It is good at producing comedies. 答案 C
解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、题段一致法、位置特征法等解答该题。根据“Deafinitely Theatre London|British Sign Language (BSL)”下面的“By translating the rich and humorous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL...”可知，在Deafinitely Theatre中，戏剧是用BSL(英国手语)来演出的。故选C项。
23．When can you see a play in Hebrew? A．On Saturday 28 April. B．On Sunday 29 April. C．On Tuesday 22 May. D．On Tuesday 29 May. 答案 D
解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、题段一致法、位置特征法等解答该题。根据题干中的in Hebrew可以定位至Habima National Theatre处，根据最后一部分内容“Date & Time：Monday 28 May,7：30 pm & Tuesday 29 May,7：30 pm”可知，在5月29日是可以在Hebrew看戏剧的，故选D项。
(2017·全国Ⅱ，B)
I first met Paul Newman in 1968，when George Roy Hill，the director of Butch Cassidy
and the Sundance Kid，introduced us in New York City.When the studio didn’t want
me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference，we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also
at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success，you should put something back—he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill，and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly，but sharing that brought us together.We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago.He’d been in and out of the hospital.He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didn’t talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words.
语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者和一位著名演员Paul Newman之间的友谊。 24．Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first? A．Paul Newman wanted it.
B．The studio powers didn’t like his agent. C．He wasn’t famous enough.
D．The director recommended someone else. 答案 C
解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据第一段第二句“When the studio didn’t want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.”可知，电影公司想要像保罗那样出名的人，由此可以判断，作者不够出名，故选C项。
25．Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship? A．They were of the same age. B．They worked in the same theater. C．They were both good actors. D．They had similar characteristics. 答案 D
解析 推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、题段一致法、位置特征法等解答该题。根据第二段最后两句“Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.”可知，作者与保罗在荧幕前和荧幕后都很幽默、有进取心，并互开对方的玩笑，即他们两人有相似的性格，故选D项。
26．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Their belief.
B．Their care for children. C．Their success.
D．Their support for each other. 答案 A
解析 代词指代题。可运用关键信息定位法、题段一致法、扫读法等解答该题。根据第三段第一句“We shared the belief that...”以及下面对belief的具体解释可知，画线处是指共同拥有这种“信念”使他们两人连在一起，故选A项。 27．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To show his love of films. B．To remember a friend. C．To introduce a new movie. D．To share his acting experience. 答案 B
解析 写作意图题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。本文是按照时间顺序写的，从作者与保罗的最初相见，到友谊慢慢加深，以及几个月前去看生病的保罗，由此可知作者写此文的目的是回忆一位朋友，故选B项。
跟踪训练
A
(2017·福建师大附中期中)
For most seventh graders，life doesn’t get much harder than a history test.But for Grant Reed of Bellville，Ohio，it’s his own current events that are so painful.“Honestly，I don’t want to die，” Grant says.Last year，doctors at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus found a tumor(肿瘤) in Grant’s brain.They cut it out，but the surgery left him with stroke-like symptoms.Plus，he had to go through months of radiation and chemotherapy to try to stop the spread of the disease.
Yet，through it all，Grant has shown remarkable determination，which he owes，partly，to Ohio State football.His parents，Troy and Denise，were both in the OSU marching band and fell in love during halftime of the Michigan game.His cat is named after the team Buckeye.His wardrobe is painted scarlet (the color of the team’s sportswear)．The point is，almost nothing mattered more to Grant than Ohio State football—until he got sick，of course.
（全国用）2024年高考英语二轮复习与增分策略专题一阅读理解第二节方法运用于命题
