8B unit4 A good read 知识归纳与拓展
【单词拓展】
1. read n. 读物→ read vt. 阅读→reading n. 阅读；读物→reader n. 读者
2. cooking n. 烹饪，烹调→cook n. 厨师→cook vt.&vi. 烹调，煮→cooker n. 厨具 3. Germany n. 德国→German adj. 德国(人)的；德国人；德语 4. French adj. 法国(人)的； n. 法国人；法语→France n. 法国 5. unable adj. 不能的→able adj. 能够的
6. success n. 成功→successful adj. 成功的→successfully adv. 成功地→succeed 7. Canadian adj. 加拿大(人)的； n. 加拿大人→ Canada n. 加拿大 8. hidden adj. 隐藏的→hide vt.&vi. 隐藏 9. confidence n. 信心→confident adj. 有信心的
10. experience n. 经历[C]；经验[U]→experienced adj. advice有经验的 11. advice n. 建议，忠告[U]→advise vt. 建议 12. librarian n. 图书管理员→library n. 图书馆 重点短语归纳
1. do with these books处理这此书
2. reach the box on the fridge 伸手够冰箱上的盒子 3. in ones spare time在某人的业余时间 4. crash against the rocks撞到岩石上 5. be tired out筋疲力尽
6. be tied to the ground被拴在地上
7. the same size as my little finger和我的小手指一样大 8. shout at them朝他们大喊 9. fall over摔倒
10. continue doing sth./to do sth.继续做某事 11. manage to break the ropes设法成功挣脱绳子 12. get away逃跑
13. hand in their work上交他们的作业
14. a great success一个成功的人；一件成功的事 15. be translated into被翻译成 16. at a time每次；依次
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17. return them on time按时归还它们 18. look for hidden treasure寻找隐藏的珠宝 19. give me a lot of confidence给我许多自信 20. open up开创；开启；开辟 【句型分析】
1. After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could. ( P50)
原句意为：当我们的船撞到岩石损坏之后，我奋力往前游。这里的as…as one can could是个固定短语，表示“尽某人所能……”相当于as…as possible。如: Please come as early as you can. =Please come as early as possible. 请尽量早点来。
Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as she can. = Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as possible. 玲玲尽可能多地用英语与她的同学交谈。
2. By the time I finally felt the land under my feet， I was tired out. ( P50)
原句意为：等到我终于感觉到脚下的陆地时，我已筋疲力尽。句中的tired out意为“筋疲力尽的”。如: I was tired out when we got back from the long climb. 我们长途爬山回来时，我感到筋疲力尽。
这里的by the time意为“到……时为止”，引导时间状语从句。如: By the time I came in, Tom had written his name on the blackboard. 我进来时，汤姆已经把他的名字写在了黑板上。 By the time I got home, they had already left. 当我到家时，他们已经离开了。
3. I woke up as the sun was rising, but I found I could not move. ( P50 )
原句意为：当太阳升起时我醒了过来，但我发现我动不了了。句中的as是连词，意为“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。如: As he looked, a man came near.
正当他看的时候，一个男子走上前来。
rising是动词rise的现在分词。rise是不及物动词，意为“升起，上升”。过去式和过去分词为rose，risen。如:
The water in the river rose after the heavy rain. 大雨过后，河里的水位上涨了。
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The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。
另外，raise是及物动词，意为“提高；筹集；抬起；举起”，过去式和过去分词为raised，raised。如:
The teacher asked us to raise our hands if we have questions. 老师要我们如果有问题就举手。
The workers want the boss to raise their wage. 工人们想要老板提高他们的工资。
We should try our best to race more money for the poor family. 我们应该尽力为这个贫困的家庭再多筹集些钱。
4. It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face. ( P50 )
原句意为：它向上爬过我的腹部和脖子，直到站在我的脸附近。until此处用作连词。意为“直到……为止，在(某一特定的时间)之前”，其主要用法有: (1)与延续性动词连用时，表示“直到……”，动词用肯定形式。指主句的动作一直持续到until后的动作发生为止。如: We walked until it got dark. 我们一直走到天黑才停下来。
Go straight on until you come to the white building. 继续走，直到你来到那座白色的楼前。
(2)not...until...意为“直到……才……”，主句动词通常为短暂性动词，指主句的动作一直
到until后的动作发生时才发生。如: The little girl didn't stop crying until she saw her mother. 那个小女孩直到看到她妈妈才不哭。 (3)until也可作介词，意为“直到”，如: We talked until 10 o'clock yesterday evening. 昨晚我们一直谈到10点钟。
5. Sandy is wondering where to ask for help. ( P54)
原句意为：桑迪想知道去哪儿寻求帮助。句中的wonder用作及物动词，意为“想知道”。where to ask for help是“疑问词+to do”的用法。如: She wondered what the child was doing. 她想知道那个孩子正在做什么。
We wonder when to start tomorrow morning. 我们想知道明天早上什么时候出发。
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wonder也可用作不及物动词，意为“感到惊讶”。如: What are you wondering about?你对什么感到疑惑?
wonder还可用作名词。作为不可数名词时，意为“惊奇，惊异，惊讶”。作为可数名词时，意为“奇观”。如: The children looked up in wonder at the big elephant. 孩子们抬头看着大象，感到很惊奇。
The Great Wall is one of the wonders in the world. 长城是世界奇观之一。
短语ask for意为“请求”，ask sb. for sth.意为“向某人请求某物”。如: If we have any trouble in learning English, we'll ask Mr. Wang for help. 在英语学习中如果我们有什么困难，我们会请求王老师帮忙。 Sandy often asks her classmates for advice about learning Chinese. 桑迪经常向她的同班同学讨教学习汉语的建议。
6. On weekdays, I usually read for about half an hour before going to bed. ( P61)
原句意为：在工作日，我通常在睡觉前看大约半小时的书。句中的before going to bed在句中充当时间状语，相当于时间状语从句before I go to bed，意为“在我睡觉前”。After，when等也有类似的用法。如:
You'd better put on your overcoat before going out. = You'd better put on your overcoat before you go out 在外出前你最好穿上你的大衣。
After finishing your homework you can play badminton with Tom. =After you finish your homework, you can play badminton with Tom. 你完成作业后可以和汤姆打羽毛球。 Be careful when practising yoga =Be careful when you practise yoga. 当你练习瑜伽时务必小心。 【语法点拨】
疑问词+动词不定式
“疑问词+动词不定式”结构中的疑问词包括疑问代词what, which, who, whose和疑问副词when，where，how。
1.“疑问词+动词不定式”结构可以在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语等成分。如: How to deal with the problem is the most important to us. 如何处理这个问题对我们来说是最重要的。(作主语)
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The problem is when to leave the place. 问题是何时离开这个地方。(作表语)
2. 适用于“疑问词+动词不定式”结构的动词包括：know，see，decide，tell，ask，explain，forget，hear，learn，remember，think，wonder，understand等。如: I do not know what to say next. 我不知道接下来说什么。 I cannot decide which to take. 我不能决定拿哪一个。
3. 有些动词，如ask，show，tell，advise，teach等，可以先加宾语，然后再加上适当的“疑问词+动词不定式”结构。如: Please tell me how to get there. 请告诉我怎么去那儿。
Sandy showed Millie how to start the online tour. 桑迪给米莉演示了如何开始这个在线旅游。
4. 一些形容词短语后面也可接“疑问词十动词不定式”结构作宾语。如: I am not sure which way to take. 我不确定走哪条路。
5. 有些疑问词，如how many，how much等，其后可以先接一个名词，再接动词不定式。如:
She wondered how many subjects to choose 她不知道该选几门学科。
6.“疑问词+动词不定式”结构还可以改写成由该疑问词引导的从句。如: I do not know what to do. =I do not know what I should do. 我不知道该做什一么。
Must/have to的用法
一must的用法
1. 表示说话人的主观意志，意为“必须，应该”。如: We must get there before 3 o'clock. 我们必须在3点之前到达那里。
2. 表示对现在的推测，意为“一定，肯定”，语气较肯定，多用于肯定句中。如: That must be Daniel's bike. 那一定是丹尼尔的自行车。
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牛津译林版英语8B unit4 A good read 知识归纳与拓展
