18 Professor Jeffrey's lecture on the recycling of waste paper and other garbage will show ______can still be improved.
（A）that the municipal authorities have done
（B）how those the municipal authorities have done
（C）how what the municipal authorities have done
（D）that how the municipal authorities have done
19 Most insulation devices of this kind,______manufactured for such purposes, are extremely expensive to install.
（A）that are
（B）which is
（C）those are
（D）as are
20 The detective watched and saw the suspect______a hotel at the corner of the street.
（A）getting off the taxi and walking into
（B）got off the taxi and walked into
（C）get off the taxi and walk into
（D）got off the taxi to walk into
二、Reading Comprehension
20 An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the
codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually
concerned with the codes, and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some
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bearing. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controller and of the members of the governmental agency itself?
A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others—the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has \actually said. \properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned—in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment. A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurances of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in turn \
The effect of a law upon the controlling agency. The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or \control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The
advantages gained when the individual is \been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.
21 In the development of a government agency, ______.
（A）the standard on which the judgment may be made is more important than the actual application of this judgment
（B）the function of law is important
（C）the study of ordinance is the most important
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（D）practice is more important than criterion
22 One of the prominent characteristics of a law is______.
（A）the result on the individual's behavior on which a restraining influence is being exercised
（B）the result of a behavior on the members of the governmental agency
（C）the result of a behavior on ordinary citizens
（D）Both A and B
23 What does the example \
（A）The law will examine closely what the individual said in court.
（B）It illustrates that the law only has something to say when behavior has negative effects on others.
（C）Behavior which tends to avoid punishing stimulus will not be explicitly specified by law.
（D）Both B and C
24 The other distinguishing trait of the law is______.
（A）punishment is carried out by the courts at all levels
（B）rules and court practices initiated by a governmental agency are specifically designed to increase government control
（C）a system of rules governing a conduct, activity or event incidental by nature
（D）any governmental reinforcement
25 How does codification of the laws affect governmental agents?
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（A）The law will be interpreted objectively rather than subjectively.
（B）Government agencies have to compromise with factual conditions.
（C）Occasionally, governmental agencies have to redress, correct or adapt a law for their benefit.
（D）Laws can not be altered or modified but they can be incremented with new court decisions and also through jurisprudence.
25 \originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a \cry,\battle cry of soldiers in the field. \The term at the time meant \persons. \ages, and they were utilized primarily as \individuals at night or in the confusion of battle. \would not have been the same without \\ Slogans operate in society as \
perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups.
Because slogans may operate as \standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the
manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol. Murray Edelman writes that \which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise. %uses to evoke specific responses may provide us with an index for the group's norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims.
Slogans are so pervasive in today's society that it is easy to underestimate their
persuasive power. They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images are less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than bases for public
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interaction and debate. The style of presentation in television is more emotional, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans work well on television.
The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an \discovered that it is easier to link product attributes to existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them. Thus, to say that a cookie tastes \or bad, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother's baking.
Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by
crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wants to associate with an issue, group, product, or event. \form, and an advertising a-gency may spend months testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person.
Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement or social movement organization. \movement for elderly Americans, and \movement to aid Mexican American field workers in the west and southwest.
26 \
（A）in the United States
（B）in the Ireland
（C）on the European continent
（D）frequently in revolutionary rhetoric
27 What is the writer's main purpose?
（A）To explain the history of slogans.
（B）To explain the persuasiveness of slogans.
（C）To explain how slogans have changed.
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[考研类试卷]2013年四川大学翻译硕士英语真题试卷.doc
