2009年考研英语真题（英一二通用）

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36.Theauthorholdsthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland

[A]Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife.[B]intellectualinterestswereencouraged.

[C]politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.[D]intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment.37.ItissuggestedinParagraph2thatNewEnglanders

[A]experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.[B]broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld.[C]paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife.[D]wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations.38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay

[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings.[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs.

[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld.[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland.

39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswere

often

[A]influencedbysuperstitions.[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs.[C]puzzledbychurchsermons.[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings.40.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland

[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities.[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect.

[C]camefromdifferentintellectualbackgrounds.[D]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreference.

英语试题.10.（共14页）PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesegmentshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.(41)

AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morganhelpedfoundmodernanthropology–thescientificstudyofhumansocieties,customsandbeliefs–thusbecomingoneoftheearliestanthropologists.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.(42)

Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.(43)

Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.(44)

HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.(45)

Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistémileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.AninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculturebecameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.

英语试题.11.（共14页）[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,had

asingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.

[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,hebecame

skilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.

[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe

“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.

[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople’s

socialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.

[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,

formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.

[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedcultureasacollectionofintegratedpartsthat

worktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.

[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perry

incorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.

英语试题.12.（共14页）PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothersandthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience,butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.(47)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld’sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.

Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.(48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevidentandthepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.

(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation–thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepsadultsloyaltotheirgroup.

英语试题.13.（共14页）SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“WhitePollution”isstillgoingon.

Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspaperto1)giveyouropinionsbriefly,and2)maketwoorthreesuggestions.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)

PartB

52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.