mechanism analysis of the temperature field and velocity field induced by fire
10) ?标题?火灾信号特征在研制火灾探测器方面的应用
application of the characteristics of fire signals in the development of fire detectors
11) ?短语?火灾安全科学与消防工程
fire safety science and fire protection engineering 12) ?短语?利用多信号报警的火灾探测系统
fire detection system using multi-signals alarm 13) ?短语?有焰和无焰燃烧的动力学行为
kinetics behavior of flame and flameless combustion 14) ?短语?热量释放速率和火蔓延速度
heat release rate and fire spreading velocity 15) ?短语?火诱导的温度场和速度场
temperature field and velocity field induced by fire 16) ?标题?火灾人员疏散的理论与实验研究
theoretical and experimental study of the human evacuation in fires
17) ?标题?火灾抑制和扑救技术的发展：回顾与展望
development of fire suppression and fighting technology: review and prospect
18) ?标题?野火中垂直火旋风的理论分析与数值模拟
theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the vertical fire whirl in the wild fires
19) ?标题?中国建筑火灾中轰燃和回燃的统计调查
statistical survey of the flashover and backdraft of building fires in china
20) ?标题?野火三角中燃料、地形和天气三因子之间相互作用的机理分析
mechanism analysis of the interactions among the fuel, terrain and weather in a wild fire triangle
21) 燃料类型对自发着火动力学行为的影响：实验研究
influence of fuel type on the spontaneous ignition dynamical behavior: experimental study
22) 大尺度池火诱导的速度场和温度场理论分析
theoretical analysis of velocity field and temperature field induced by large-scale pool fire
23) 坡度和风速对地表火蔓延中火焰高度和长度所起的作用：理论分析与测量
the role of slope and wind velocity on the flame height and length in the ground fire : theoretical analysis and measurement
24) 野火中垂直火旋风的热释放速率和燃烧速率
heat release rate and burning rate of the vertical fire whirl in the wild fires
25) 易燃和可燃材料着火温度的特征分析
characteristics analysis of the ignition temperature of the flammable and combustible marterial
26) 建筑腔室火灾中的轰燃与回燃动力学：非线性数值模拟
dynamic of flashover and backdraft in building compartment fire：non-linear numerical simulation
27) 自动火灾探测与报警系统对人员疏散的作用的统计性分析
statistical analysis of the role of automatic fire alarm system in personnel evacuation
28) 关于炭化和非炭化材料热解化学反应动力学的综述
overview about the decomposition chemical reaction dynamics of the charring and non-charring material 29) 火的燃烧与其诱导流动之间的相互作用机理
mechanism analysis of the interaction between the fire combustion and induced flow
30) 分区模拟方法在建筑火灾烟气运动研究中的应用
application of zone modeling in the study of the smoke movement of building fires
1、the importance of flashover results from the fact that it is of great danger when a compartment
fire occurs. 翻译成中文，并且用表达因果关系的两种不同方式改写。 轰燃的重要性源自其在腔室火发生时的重大危害。
flashover is of importance because it is of great danger when a compartment fire occurs. flashover is important due to its great danger in a compartment fire.
the fact that the flashover is of great danger when a compartment fire occurs makes it of great importance.
2/a good way to conduct the fire risk assessment is to utilize the simulation-based analysis with experimental verification. 1)
2) 翻译成中文，注意把握专业英语的abc原则。 用表达“手段”的两种其他方式改写。
火灾风险评估的科学方法是将模拟分析和实验验证结合起来。 simulation-based analysis and experimental verification should be utilized in the conduction of fire risk assessment. fire risk assessment should combine the simulation-based analysis and experimental verification together.
2.（10分）标题（title）在一篇学术论文中起着重要的作用。
1) 简述学术论文的abc原则。（2分）简述论文标题的作用以及好的论文标题的标准。（2分）
accuracy（准确）,brevity（简洁）,clarity（清晰）。 标题的作用：1、概括全文；2、便于检索索引。
2) 冒号分隔的标题对读者往往可以起到一目了然的作用，让读者清楚地看到论文的主题（topic）和
面向该主题所论述的重点。请在理解的基础上把以下标题转变为冒号分隔式标题：
a. uses and limitations of computer models in structural fire protection engineering applications（3分）
applications of computer models in structural fire protection engineering: uses and limitations
b. experimental measurements of upward flame spread on a vertical wall with external radiation（3分）
upward flame spread on a vertical wall with external radiation: experimental measurements
3) 常见的论文标题大致可分为两类。(a) 用汉语简述通常的两类标题的基本组成，并指出以下标题属于哪一类；（4分）第一类只交代课题，第二类交代课题和研究方法。
(b) 将以下标题翻译成中文，注意把握专业英语abc原则；（4分）(c) 将以下标题改写为冒号分隔式标题（4分）
c. an apparatus to measure the pyrolysis mass loss and ignition temperature for the flammability of solids
一种基于固体燃烧性而测量热解质量损失和着火温度的仪器
for the flammability of solids: an apparatus to measure the pyrolysis mass loss and ignition temperature
d. numerical modeling of the interaction between automatic sprinkler sprays and fire plumes
自动水喷淋和火羽流之间相互作用的数值模拟
interaction between automatic sprinkler sprays and fire plumes：numerical modeling
3. （15分）专业英语论文的引言部分或科技演讲的开头部分通常会对论文的层次结构（组织方式）作表述，以方便读者或听众理解全文的结构。以下是一篇论文的层次结构提纲。请请基于“避免重复原则”用英语写出一段话，表达如下的层次结构：
? section1: background of research in flashover;
? section2: experimental and theoretical analysis method for flashover research; ? section3: comparison of model prediction with experimental results; ? section4: conclusion
4. （10分）以下句子中涉及到表述研究“手段”的表达方法。
a good way to conduct the fire risk assessment is to utilize the simulation-based analysis with experimental verification. 请用表达“手段”的两种其他方式改写。
we conduct a fire risk assessment with the help of the simulation-based analysis with experimental verification.
an alternative opproach to conduct the fire risk assessment is to utilize the simulation-based analysis with experimental verification.
5. （20分）科学论文的abstract基本上包括以下几个部分： 1) 研究工作的背景 background 2) 研究目的 aim
3) 研究方法 method 4) 研究的结果 results 5) 结论 conclusion
论文摘要中通常还包括所谓的“主题句”，即概述论文全文内容的句子。
下面这篇论文是关于木材小型点火实验及理论方程的研究（因考试目的，以下论文材料有删节）。 1) 2)
在理解的基础上翻译本文的title和abstract，注意把握abc准则。（10分） 直接在考卷上指明本文的abstract中，对应以上5个部分的句子（5分）
3)
a new correlation for bench-scale(小型) piloted ignition(引导点火) data of wood
木材小型引导点火数据中的一种新相关性
aabab. moghtaderi, v. novozhilov, d. f. fletcher and j. h. kent a department of mechanical and mechatronic engineering, the university of sydney, sydney, nsw 2006, australia
b department of chemical engineering, the university of sydney, sydney, nsw 2006, australia
abstract this paper presents the results of a combined
experimental and theoretical study of piloted ignition (引导点火) of cellulosic materials (纤维素质材料). the main objective is to present an engineering solution to the piloted ignition problem for wood exposed to radiant heat in a bench-scale (小型) piloted ignition test. this has been motivated by the need to have simple models of ignition for use in a computational fluid dynamics (cfd, 计算流体力学) model of fire spread and extinguishment in building fires. the experiments were conducted on oven-dry (绝干) and moisture conditioned
samples of three wood species using a cone calorimeter(锥形量热器). as expected, the experimental data revealed that the effect of moisture content on the piloted ignition process is significant (显著的). it was also found that the ignition
temperature depends on the external heat flux(外部热通量), which supports other recent studies. based on the
experimental observations, an approximate analytical equation (近似的解析方程) was derived and then used for correlating (使相互关联) the ignition data, as well as extracting (导出) the piloted ignition properties. the chief distinguishing feature (特征) of the present equation over other similar equations is that it takes into account (考虑) the variation of the ignition temperature with external heat flux.
这篇论文描述了纤维素质材料引导点火的实验研究和理论分析相结合的研究结果。该论文的研究目的是为了给出木材在小型引导点火实验中的热辐射条件下的引导点火问题的工程解决方法。在建筑火灾中的火蔓延和熄灭的cfd模拟中很需要这样的简单着火模型。在实验中，采用锥形量热仪对三种绝干和含水的木材样品进行测量。
实验数据揭示了预期的实验结果：含水量对引导点火的过程影响显著；同时研究发现，着火温度决定于外部热通量。这个实验结果也支持最近的一些研究。根据实验观察的结果推导出一个近似的解析方程，这个方程可以将点火数据相互关联起来，并且可以进一步推导出点火性质。这个方程区别与其他相似的方程的主要特征就在于它考虑导了点火温度随外部热通量的变化。
6. （25分）以下这篇论文发表在fire safety journal上面，是关于风和坡度对火蔓延影响的实验研究。
请根据introduction中的上下文意思，用英文总结性回答（自我组织语言进行英文表述）:
(a) 论文的背景是什么？（background）（5分）
for about 50 years, predicting the fire behaviour has generated an abundant and miscellaneous literature.
(b) 以往的工作的进展如何？存在着什么问题或不足？（literature）（5分）
(c) 这项研究的动机是什么？（motivation）（5分）
to develop a simple model capable of predicting the key
features of a fire and a numerical method of resolution for fire behavior simulation.
指出本篇abstract中的主题句，并用2种方式（包括主动和被动语态）改写主题句。（5分）
面试问题及答案英文版
