psychology of the character. It paved铺 the way for the upcoming即将到来的 of the 20th century poetry.
Critical moment, single speaker, and interaction合作: the speaker is talking to a specified auditor旁听者 or speaker.
Elizabeth barrett browning伊丽莎白。巴雷特。布朗宁
代表作：casa guidi windowsk卡萨。吉迪的窗子，aurora leigh奥罗拉。利， poems before congress议会前的诗
课文节选：from sonnets from the portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗：表达诗人对爱情的赞美和对幸福的追求。
Part IX Twentieth century literature20世纪文学
The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatue
Historical background:对文学产生影响的两个因素：1，imperialism帝国主义：统治世界的精神的觉醒。相继爆发了第一，二次世界大战。2，widespread demand for social reform of every kind.
Thomas Hardy 托马斯。哈代（1840—1928）
1. His life
He was born in Dorset多赛特, an agricultural district in the south of England. His father was an architect. After studying in Dorset and in London, he returned to settle down in his native place. While he worked as an architect, he began to write novels and stories. Later he became a full—time writer.
His principal主要的 works are the Wessex伟克塞斯 novels, novels describing the characters and environment of native countryside.
He was a writer who sees the turn of the century. He witnessed the change of the society, the fashion; he was the last of the Victorian novelist and one of the forerunners of the modern writing.
代表作：Tess of the d’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝，jude the obscure无名的裘得，epic drama：the dynasts统治者
课文节选:Tess of the D’urbevilles：是哈代“性格和环境小说”中一部分量颇重的长篇小说，导致苔丝悲剧的不是盲目的无从追究责任的命运，而是环境和社会的力量。
Setting环境: the agricultural region of the southern countries of England. The impoverishment使贫穷 and decay腐烂 of small farmers who became hired field hands and roamed漫步 the country in search of seasonal jobs. His tone is pessimistic悲观的
Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life.
The double moral standard for men and women exposes曝光 the hypocritical虚伪的 morality in bourgeois society.
Why does Hardy call her a pure woman?
According to the values of that age, Tess is a stained 玷污的woman, she gave birth to a child outside marriage, and she became the mistress情妇 of Alec艾立可 later.
The son’s veto儿子的否决权：小说反映了生活的多层面，还对受挫以后的幸福提出了重建。女主人公名叫Sophy.
John Galsworthy约翰。高尔斯华朔
他是20世纪英国杰出的批判现实主义小说家和剧作家。
代表作：the man of property有产业的人：was the highest point of social criticism ever attained by Galsworthy,它是福赛特世家中的第一部， the forsyte saga福赛特世家，the sivler box银匣
课文节选： 有产业的人中 chapter X diagnose of a forsyte福尔赛的诊断, conscience良心
Oscar wilde奥斯卡。王尔德
出生于Dublin，have a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred douglas和艾尔弗雷德。道格拉斯有同性恋关系 代表作：长篇小说：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像，Salome
莎乐美：唯美主义的代表作，是戏剧，喜剧：Lady windermere’s fan温得梅尔夫人的扇子, a woman of no importance无足轻重的女人, an ideal husband理想丈夫, and the importance of being earnest认真的重要. 课文节选：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像
George Bernard Shaw（1856—1950）乔治。萧伯纳
George Bernard Shaw was dramatist, essayist随笔作家, and critic. He was born of Irish Protestant新教徒 parents in Dublin. In 1876 Shaw left Ireland for good. During his life time he wrote lots of dramas. He is considered to be the best –known English dramatist since Shakespeare. His works are the best example of all the plays that are inspired by social criticism. In most of his plays, he expressed a strong indignation against political and economic exploitation开发, against hypocrisy虚伪 and corruption腐败, against prostitution作践自己 and slavery奴隶制度, and against poverty and dirt.
His style:
1. didactic教导的，学究式的
2. Made his lessons ―palatable‖可口的 through comedy.
3. Use his wit to ridicule嘲笑 the things he attacked—witty rather than
humorous.
4. Inversion倒装 of ideas—made things usually considered good and just to appear absurd荒谬的 and ridiculous.
5. Exaggerated, sometimes grossly很，非常, in order to achieve comedy. 6. Plays made up-to-date references and used modern stage props小道具. 7. Destructive破坏性的 in his criticism, but constructive建设性 in his
analysis and interpretation 解释of life. Features of his plays:
1. His plays witty rather than humorous—avoidance of emotion and
sympathy.
2. Improved upon play craftsmanship of his predecessors—increased stage directions.
3. Frequently subordinates下级得 dramatic interest to expounding论述 his
ideas. His characters are his mouthpieces代言人. 4. characters lack true life
5. His plays vehicles to express his many ideas.
6. Shocks his audience into attention—paradoxical矛盾的, personal, and
outspoken直言的.
7. Powerful, logical, satirical style. Dialogue has vitality精神, clearness, directness.
课文节选：Mrs. Warren’s profession华伦夫人的职业：华伦夫人的职业是豢养妓女，Mr. Crofts是她的帮凶，女儿Vivie是一所传统寄宿学校毕业的学生。此书深刻揭露了“体面的”资本者不体面的财富来源：残酷的剥削和肮脏的交易。It deals with the theme of prostitution卖淫 as big business in the bourgeois society.
David .Herbert.Lawrence(1885—1930)戴维。赫伯特。劳伦斯
He is often criticized for the didactic 说教的elements and looseness in structure.
代表作：the white peacock白孔雀: his first novel， sons and lovers儿子与情人，the rainbow虹，Lady Chatterlay’s Lover查特莱夫人的情人：his most
controversial争议的 novels
课文节选：sons and lovers儿子与情人主要人物：paul保罗，Mrs morel莫瑞尔：it’s a semi-autobiographical nove.
Viginia Woolf弗吉尼亚。沃尔夫（1882—1941）
她是20世纪欧洲最重要的女性作家，著名的文学批评家和文艺理论家。 她是“意识流”stream of consciousness小说的代表人物.代表作：Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人，to the lighthouse到灯塔去， the waves海浪。
课文节选：Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人
James Joyce詹姆斯。乔伊斯（1882—1941）
He was born in Dublin.是“意识流小说之父”。代表作：Dubliners都柏林人，a portrait of the artist as a young man一个青年艺术家的肖像。Ulysses尤利西斯：in the book, the writer intends to present a microcosm小规模地 of the
whole human life by providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of its kind, and how history is recapitulated总结 in the happenings of one day.。
课文节选：Araby阿拉比：是dubliners中的第3篇小说。
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲
