第9章英语写作教学的方法与技巧

第 9 章 英语写作教学的方法与技巧

第四节 写作方法与技巧训练

一、潜意识写作训练法

潜意识写作训练法是帮助学生快速有效写作的一条捷径。潜意识写作就是让学生在不知不觉当中进行写作，写作前老师不明确向学生布置写作任务，只要求他们回答问题，这些问题 都是老师根据写作的程序和写作的内容来设计的，学生的正确回答就是文章的基本构架和主旨内容。设计这种方法的目的就是尽量减少学生一开始对写作的神秘感和畏难情绪，将语言的两种产出——口头产出 ( 说 ) 和笔头产出 ( 写 ) 结合起来。在老师的引导之下，学生由说向写过渡，再通过学生的记忆对师生课堂说的内容进行筛选并用笔记录下来，最 后通过老师的讲评，让学生从一种无意识状态下的写作过渡到有意识的模仿写作，学生在“恍然大悟”中掌握写作的基本规范和基本技巧。如论说文的写作：

第一步:老师板书，给予主题。

T ：同学们！我们今天这节英语课只需要回答几个问题，请看黑板上的一句话： Science is a Two-blade Sword ( 科学是一柄双刃剑。 )

第二步:老师以提问题的方式引导学生表述自己对句子的理解。 Question One

T ： How do you understand the word “two-blade ” ( 双刃 )? S1 ： The first blade( 第一刃 )means science can bring us happiness. T ： What about the second blade ?

S2 ： The second blade means science can bring us suffering. Question Two

T ：Can you give some examples to explain the two different opinions?

S3 ：Since 1950's many changes have taken place because of the scientific

development.Science has brought a lot of things to our life such as computer ， VCD ，TV ，radio ，etc.Our life is getting more and more colourful and interesting.

Question Three

T ： Who can supply examples to support the second opinion ?

S4 ：Science has also given us human beings many new weapons.So we are going nearer to wars ，death and destructions

Question Four

T ： Who can use two or three sentences to summarize( 总结 )what we said above ? S5 ：Science has two sides — advantages or disadvantages.If we make full and right use of it ， we can benefit a lot and enjoy much pleasure from it.

第三步:组段成文 ( 去掉问题 ) 。 Science Is a Two-blade Sword

Science can bring us happiness.At the same time science can bring us suffering

Since 1950 ’s many changes have taken place because of the scientific progress.It has brought a lot of things to our life such as computer ，VCD ，TV ， radio ，etc.Our life is getting more and more colourful and interesting.Science has also given us human beings many new weapons.So we are going nearer to wars ，death and destructions.

Science has two sides (advantages or disadvantages).If we make full and right use of it ，we can improve ourselves and enjoy much pleasure from it.

第四步:评讲解析。

议论文一般包括三个部分——论点、论据和结论。三部分写作要求如下： (1) 目的：论证一个正确的观点或批驳一个错误观点。 (2) 写作要求

a. 论点：正确，鲜明，有实际意义。

如： Science is a two-blade sword ， which can bring us happiness and sufferings. b. 论据：论证举例源于生活，并有典型意义，讲究时空顺序。

如 computer ，VCD ，TV ，radio 等，代表不同时期的高科技的结晶。 c. 结论：不能与论点的观点相矛盾，简明扼要，强化论点。

二、主题跟踪迁移式写作

Fast Food Is a Two-blade Sword

As everyone knows ，fast food is now popular in the world.It is quickly and easily prepared and served for the people ，In restaurants we eat them at once and take away easily.But if we eat fast food very often ，it will do much harm to us.

When we are busy working or out on business in town ，it's convenient for us to have fast food.We can both save time and money.As we all know fast food contains much fat and protein.We can take a lot of it into our body and become fat.Besides ，it will even cause us some diseases.At present we can enjoy fast food at anytime and anywhere.It gives us take away food and easy service.Remember we don ’t eat them too often though fried chickens and hamburgers are delicious.

三、“读”“写”“评”迁移写作训练

例一 How to write a note ?

1.Reading a model note ( 阅读范文 )

Asking for Sick Leave

， usly ill today.The doctor suggests I stay at homeand lie in bed ， so I can not come for sick leave of three days. or's certificate for sick leave.

Y

2.Imitating and writing( 模仿写作 )

感冒，医生建议我卧床休息，故今天不能来校上课。要求请病假两天。 生病假证明

5月20日

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3．Commenting on the writing ( 自我评价或老师讲评 ) (1) 便条书写格式

A. 日期和称呼 ( 称呼可以随便一些 )

Mr.Guo ， May 20 B. 正文

I have had a bad cold.The doctor suggests that I should lie in bed ， so I cannot come to school today.I am asking for sick leave of two days.

C. 附加

Encl.Doctor's certificate for sick leave D. 署名

( 署名写上留条人的姓名，如果十分熟悉，只写姓或名。 )

Your students,

Li Hong

(2) 便条基本要求

A. 目的：临时的询问，留言、通知、要求等。 B. 形式：请假条、续假条、留言条等。

C. 文字：口语化，简洁，一两句话就行。 D. 内容：当日或两三天内要办的事。 例二 How to write a notice?

1．Reading a model notice ( 阅读范文 )

Notice

e will be an English lecture on school education in the U.S.by Mr.Jones from Floriday.It will be given in the lecture hall on Friday afternoon from 1 ：30 to 3 ：30 ，S00.Those who are interested in it are warmly welcome. e be on time.

Students'Union

Sep.

2. Imitating and writing( 模仿写作 )

海报

讲座内容：语言与文化 (culture) 主持人：湖北教育学院 曹曼教授

时间：2002.4.16 ，周六，晚 7 ：00 ～ 8 ：30 地点：304 教室主办单位：英语系

3. Commenting on your writing ( 自我评价或老师评议 ) (1) 书面通知应涵盖的信息是六个“ W ”、一个“ H ”。 what ：language and culture who ：Cao Man whom ：students

when ：from 7 ：00 to 8 ：30 ，on Saturday afternoon,April 4th ，2002 where ：classroom 304

how ：a lecture

( 注：有的通知还需说明原因 why ) (2) 格式 ( 首尾相顾，主体突出 ) head ：Notice

body ：There will be an English lecture on Language and Culture by Prof.Man Cao from the English Department of our college.It will be given in Classroom 304on Saturday evening from 7 ：00 to 7 ：30 ， April 16 ，2002.Those who are interested in it are warmly welcome.

the name of the sender ：the English Department time ：April 4 ，2002

(3) ( 正文 ) 行文顺序 ( 主次轻重 ) a.what —— lecture b.who —— Cao Man c.where —— classroom 304

d.when —— from 7 ：30 to 8 ：30 ，on Saturday afternoon ，April 4th ，2002

四、要点拓展式五步写作训练

以如何写 Notice 为例： Step 1 ：阅读要点，避免跑题 1.visit to different places 2.on Saturday ，July 22 3.leave after breakfast at eight 4.lunch at the place of visit 5.come back in the afternoon 6.six groups

7.each group to a place

8.each person is welcome to join one group 9.write down your name in the name list 10.say which place you wish to visit Step 2 ：逐词斟酌，拓展成句

1.

_________________________________________________________________________. 2.

_________________________________________________________________________. 3.

_________________________________________________________________________. 4.

_________________________________________________________________________. 5.

_________________________________________________________________________. 6.

_________________________________________________________________________. 7.

_________________________________________________________________________. 8.

_________________________________________________________________________. 9.

_________________________________________________________________________. 10.

_________________________________________________________________________.

Step 3 ：先后有别，重排句序 。 1.There will be a visit to different places. 2.We will have them on Saturday ， July 22. 3.We will be put into four groups.

4.Each group is going to one place — a factory ， a school ， a farm or a hospital. 5.Each person is welcome to join one group. 6.Write down your name in the name list. 7.Say which place you wish to visit. 8.We will leave after breakfast at eight. 9.We will come back in the afternoon. 10.We will have luch at the place of visit. Step 4 ：适当增补，连成短文 。

Notice

We will pay a visit to different places on Saturday ，July 22.But we have to be put into four groups.Each group is going to only one place — a factory ， a school ，a farm or a hospital.Each person is welcome to join one group.Please write down your name in the name list before 8 o'clock p.m.and say which place you wish to visit.

We will leave after breakfast at eight and come back in the afternoon.By the way ，we will have lunch at the place of visit.

Please be on time.

The office

On Friday ，July 21

Step 5 ：教师指导，认识加深。

牢记通知的三个要点：时间、地点、活动内容。通知分为书面通知和口头通知 (announcement) 。

五、书信四步写作

1. 阅读范文

信 封

________________________________________________________________________

__________________

From Li Qiang 108 Zhongshan Road Wuhan ， China

To Li Haifeng Class 3,Grade 2 No.39 Middle School

Beijin ， China

100027

___________________________________________________________________________________________

正 文

___________________________________________________________________________________________

108 Zhongshan Road

Wuhan ， China

Sept.1 ， 2002

Dear Brother ，

I heard from you the day before yesterday.Our whole family was very happy to learn you are getting on well with your classmates.Your progress can be shown in your school report. We ，brothers and sisters ，are all proud of you.

It is nearly three years since you left us.In three months you will graduate from the junior middle school.We are pleased to hear you have had made a plan for the entrance examination of senior middle schools.We believe that you can work out the problems on the way to senior middle schools.Father ， mother and I all support you.We wish you to seize the hour and seize the day.

Hoping you will keep fit ，study hard and work well.

Your loving elder brother,

Li Qiang

2. 总结要领 信封格式 ：

(1) __________ 的姓名和地址写在左上角，地址名称由 __________ 到 ___________ 。

(2) __________ 的姓名和地址写在中间。 行文格式：

(3) 书信应包括 __________ 个部分。信端 (heading) 部分应该写发信人的

_________ 和_________ ； 称呼语 (salutation) ，如，__________ 后面应该写的标点是 __________ ；正文 ( body of a letter) 的每段第一行向右缩进 _________ 个字母；结束语 (complimentary close) 从信纸的 __________ 或 _________ 的地方开始，结束语的标点符号是 _________ ； 签名 (signature) 低于结束语一至两行，在信纸 _________ 的地方。

填空参考： (1) 寄信人，小，大 (2) 收信人的

(3) 六，地址，日期； Dear Miss Li ，逗号；五；中间，偏右，逗号；中间偏右 3. 内容提示：写信人：武汉大学何桥 收信人：清华大学李博 时间： 2003 9

24

写信事由：感谢李博送的生日礼物玩具黑熊，并谈谈自己短暂的大学生活和感受。 4. 模仿写作：

Grade 2003 ，English

Wuhan University ，Hubei

Province

Sept.24 ，2003

Dear Brother Li Bo ，

I received your letter and your present yesterday.I am very glad to have got them. Here I'd like to thank you for your lovely toy ，the black bear.This toy is one of the nicest.

How time flies ! I have been in Wuhan University for four weeks.I find it different to learn here from the learning of middle schools：different learning methods，different purposes，different subjects.I like our classmates，our class and our university.It's here that I realize I am just a beginner and I have a long way to go.I must seize the hour and seize the day and learn from you.

Send my best wishes to you for happiness in the new term.

Yours ever ，

He

Qiao

补充说明：

(1) 寄给第三者转交：在收信人姓名下写 c/o (care of) ，再接转交者姓名，如：林燕转交林萍

Miss Lin Ping c/o Lin Yan

(2) 信件如有附件，应在左下角注明 Encls. ，如附成绩单一张： Encls.A school report

六、记叙文写作五步训练法

1. Introduction( 概括性交代 )

交代事件：昨天我们班的郭红同学在下午四点的大扫除中摔断了腿，原因是一个矮个子同学站在桌子上擦窗户，够不着最上面的窗玻璃，郭红登上桌子帮她，不料，桌子断了一条腿，郭红的右腿摔伤了。

2. Answering( 针对性答问 )

T ：Where were you at 4 yesterday afternoon? Ss ：We were in the classroom. T ：What did you do there ? Ss ：We did a thorough cleaning.

T ：Did something unexpected ( 意想不到 )happen ? Ss ：Yes ，Guo Hong broke his right leg. T ：I am sorry to hear that.Tell me the reason.

Ss ：A short girl cleaned the window ，but she couldn't reach the upper part ，she cried for help.

T ：Does it have anything to do with Guo Hong's broken leg ?

Ss ：Yes ，Guo Hong went to the child's help.He climbed the desk and did the cleaning for her.

T ：Anything happened to him ?

Ss ：Yes ，he fell down to the ground because of one broken leg of the desk and hurt his leg.

T ： What did you do then ?

Ss ：We sent him to hospital and he saw a doctor. T ：What do you think of Guo Hong ?

Ss ：I think he is great.He is always ready to help others. 3. Connecting( 去问句组语段 ) 去掉第二步中的问句，组句成段 参考短文：

We were in the classroom at 4 yesterday afternoon.We did a thorough cleaning.

Guo Hong broke his right leg.A short girl cleaned the window but she girl's reach the upper part.She cried for help.Guo Hong went to the girl's help.He climbed the desk and did the cleaning for the short girl.He fell down to the ground because of one broken leg of the desk and

hurt his leg.We sent him to hospital and saw a doctor.I think Guo Hong is great.He is always ready to help others.

4. classificating( 六要素分类 )

记叙文写作掌握六个要素，根据提示从上面短文中找出并填写相关内容。 时间：_______________________________________________________________ 地点：_______________________________________________________________ 人物：_______________________________________________________________ 事件：_______________________________________________________________ 因果：_______________________________________________________________ 感受：_______________________________________________________________ 5.Imitating( 自问式仿写 )

(1) 内容提要：昨天上午 11 点，李强在上体育课时摔断了腿，因为一个小男孩在操场边放风筝，风筝却挂在树上，他上树取下风筝还给那孩子，返回地面时出了意外。

(2) 答问写句

T ： Where were you at 4 yesterday afternoon?

Ss ：

____________________________________________________________________________

T ： What did you do there ?

Ss ：

____________________________________________________________________________

T ： Did something unexpected ( 意想不到 )happened ?

Ss ：

____________________________________________________________________________

T ： I am sorry to hear that.Tell me the reason.

Ss ：

____________________________________________________________________________

T ： Does it have anything to do with Li Qiang's broken leg ?

Ss ：

____________________________________________________________________________

T ： Anything happened to him ?

Ss ：

____________________________________________________________________________

T ： What did you do then ?

Ss ：

____________________________________________________________________________

T ： What do you think of Li Qiang ?

Ss ：

____________________________________________________________________________

(3) 串句成文

6. Commenting( 老师点评 )

记叙文的基本特点是：陈述过程，叙事完整，具体生动， ( 对中心事件的叙述 ) 主次适宜，详略得当，时态一般用过去式。

七、日记写作六步训练

1. 听写要点： a. seven … leave home b. put on … run to the bus stop c. rain outside … got up early d. on March 3 ，2002

e.hardly … when ，get to the stop ，come f.get on ，take an empty seat g.stand up ，be about to ask the lady

h.an old lady ，behind i.a girl ，take the seat instead j.hardly believe

k.bad manners ，care for nobody but l.grow old in the future 2. 连词成句

a.seven … leave homeIt was seven before I left home. b.put on … run to I put on my raincoat and ran to the bus-stop. c.rain outside ，get up early. It was rainy outside when I got up early d.on March 3 ，2002It was on March 3 ，2000.

e.hardly … when ，get ，come Hardly had I got to the stop when the bus was coming. f.get on ，take an empty seat I got on the bus and took an empty seat.

g.stand up ，be about to ask I stood up and was about to ask her to take my seat. h.an old lady ，behind I found an old lady behind. i.a girl ，take the seat instead A girl took the seat instead j.hardly believe I could hardly believed my eyes.

k.bad manners ，care for nobody but What bad manners ! She cared nobody but herself. l.grow old in the future Won't she grow old in the future ? 3. 根据时间调整句子先后顺序 a.It was on March 3 ，2002

b.It was rainy outside when I got up early. c.It was seven before I left home.

d.I put on my raincoat and ran to the bus stop.

e.Hardly had I got to the bus-stop when the bus was coming.

f.I got on and took an empty seat. g.I found an old lady behind me.

h.I stood up and was about to ask the lady to take my seat. i.A girl took the seat instead. j.I hardly believed my own eyes.

k.What bad manners ! She cared for nobody but herself. l.Won't she grow old in the future? 4. 连句成文

It was on March 4 ，2002.It was rainy outside when I got up early.It was seven before I left home.I put on my raincoat and ran to the bus stop.Hardly had I got to the bus-stop when the bus was coming.I got on and took an empty seat.I found an old lady behind me.I stood up and was about to ask the lady to take my seat.A girl took the seat instead.I hardly believed my own eyes.What bad manners ! She cared for nobody but herself.Won't she grow old in the future?

5. 调整格式，适当增减，过渡自然

March 4 ，2002.Saturday Rainy It was rainy outside when I got up early.I had to go to school after I had breakfast.It was seven before I left home.I put on my raincoat and ran to the bus stop.Hardly had I got to the bus-stop when the bus was coming.I got on and took an empty seat.Just then I found an old lady behind me.So I stood up and was about to ask the lady to take my seat.Unexpectedly a girl took the seat instead.I hardly believed my own eyes.I said to myself ：what bad manners ! She cared for nobody but herself.Won't she grow old in the future?

6. 阅读订正：

单词拼写、时态语态、主谓一致、冠词用法、名词的数、字母大小写等。

八、自我订正式写作训练

1. 读文认符号

( 如 R 表示重复， W 表示用词错误。 )

Mother's Love

Mother's love is the greatest love (R)in the world.

On (G)one evening ，it was raining hard but (W)it was very dark outside.Suddenly I caught(W)a bad headache.My mother felt my head and found that I had ( ∧ )high fever.She was so worried that she carries me to the nearby hospital at once.At this(W)time ，it was about midnight and it was raining ( ∧ )harder.I looked down at ( ∧ )mother and found that she was walking hard in the heavily (W)rain.I couldn't stop my tears.When she was too tired to walk on ，she let me down.But when she found I could not hardly (R)stand ，she took me on the back again and went on walking. When we got to the hospital ，she was out of breathe (W).The doctor looked at me carefuly (S)and let me take some hot water and some medicines (G). On the way home ，I felt …

2. 读文改错