树形图详细讲解
1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V
b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A
2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.
a) full of people AP
A P N full of people
b) a story about a sentimental girl
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det A N
a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP
Qual V NP
A N
often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP
V PP
P Det N
move towards the window
3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst V AP
Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S
N Infl NP Infl VP
VP NP
V P N
What will you e talk about e d) The apple might hit the man. S
2
NP VP
Det N Aux V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
e) He often reads detective stories. S
NP VP
N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP Present N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories
4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.
a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S)
3
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V NP
Det A N
A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane
b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP Det A N
A huge moon hung in the black sky
c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
Det N
An unusual event occurred before the meeting
d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A NP Pst V PP
A N P NP
Det A N
4
A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill
5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Aux V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
OR
InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Infl V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst VP CON VP
5
英语语言学树形图举例
