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虚拟语气
在英语文法中有三种语气，即直述式语气(Indicative Mood)、祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气(Subjective Mood)，其中前两种我们早已熟悉了，这里则不多谈了，如： How beautiful she is! 则是直述式语气，而Hurry up! Don't hurry up 则是祈使语气。我们主要来看看虚拟语气的主要用法。虚拟语气主要是用来表达一种无法实现的愿望，一种与事实相反的情况，或者将不可能实现的，或可能性很小的事实，假想为事实予以表述。这样的动词结构称为虚拟语气。它主要有三种形式，即与现在事实相反的假设，与过去事实相反的假设，与将来事实相反的假设。它们具体结构如表８－７。
虚拟语气的构成
种类 条 件 句 结构 与现在事实相动词用过去式 反 be 动词用 were 与过去事实相用had＋过去分词 反的 动词用过去式 与将来事实相were to 加动词原形 反 should 加动词原形 主 句 结 构 Should/could＋动词原形 would/might＋动词原形 Should/could＋have＋过去分词 would/might＋have＋过去分词 should＋动词原形 would＋动词原形 虚拟语气其他习惯用法简表
种功用 类 句型 例句 主句谓语 宾语从句谓语动词 I wish we could go to the seaside 现在 过去式 today. had+过I wish I had gone to the 过去 去分词 basketball match. should+动词原形 虚would+拟表示主观wish 动词原语愿望 I wished I could fly to the moon. 形 气 将来 I wish you would stay here a could+little longer. 动词原形 might+动词原形 would 现在 过去式 I would rather you came to my ^`
rather 状语从句 party tomorrow. 表示虚拟比较或方式 表示间接的命令、建议或请求 从句动词形式 She looked after the orphan as if he were here own child. 与现实相过去式 反 与过去相had+过They're talking as if they had 反 去分词 been friends for many years. should+动词原as if, as 形 though, would+even if 动词原从句 与将来相形 The man looked worried, as though 反 could+something would happen to him. 动词原形 might+动词原形 may+动词原形 might+动词原Turn on the light so that I could that, so that, in 形 see it clearly. I warned him in order that从句 can+动order that he might keep away from 词原形 the danger. could+动词原形 用于suggest, propose, insist, They required that I (should) go desire, 宾语从句 at once. He suggested that the demand, (shouldmeeting (should) start earlier. request, )+动词order, 原形 command等之后 主句中的My suggestion is that we should 主语常是：tell him. Our only request is that 表语从句 suggestiothis problem(should) be settled n, idea, as soon as possible. ^`
proposal, order, request等 同位语从句 It is necessary (importa主语从句中的动词nt, 形式： natural, strange 等) that… It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) that… 动词原It is should+ 形 suggested (requested, proposed 等) that… may+动词原形 They received an order that the work be stopped. 在主语从句中表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等 It is necessary that every member remember these rules. It is a great pity that he should be so careless. It is suggested that we should get everything ready by tonight. 表示祝愿或愿望 动词原形+宾语 May you succeed! Long live the People's Republic of China! 其他 It is time that+主语It's time that you should go home +should+动词原形 now. It is time that+主语+动词过It is high time that we left. 去式 1 语法辨析
Incorrect: If I was a girl， I would marry you Correct: If I were a girl， I would marry you
表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，if条件句中的be动词一律用were，这句话应译为我要是个女孩，我就嫁给你。实际上不可能是个女孩。
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Incorrect: If I were you I will not worry Correct: If I were you I shouldn't worry
现在时的虚拟语气主句要用should 或would 加动词原形，这句话应译为我要是你的话，就没有必要烦恼。要注意这种语态用在这里实际上是想把要讲出的观点表达得婉转些，有礼貌些。
Incorrect: God forgives you! Correct: God forgive you!
这里的主语 God 是第三人称单数，之所以动词不加 s 是因为要表达一种祝愿，即人力所不能及的事情，实际上是 forgive前有一助动词should， May 等，但在口语中将其省略了。如： May you be happy 祝你幸福。
Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday, we would have gone to the zoo
Correct: If the weather had been nice yesterday， we would have gone to the zoo
因句中有 yesterday 一词即表示的是与过去相反的事实，即昨天天气很不好，我们也未去动物园，所以 if 条件句应用 had＋过去分词。
Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walk Correct: If it was (were) not snowing right now， I would go for a walk 虚拟语态 be 动词作助动词时，则可用was来取代were， 如 was to。虚拟语态中的动词如果是表示正在进行之中也要用进行时态。
Incorrect: If you had taken my advice, you would have been better now
Correct: If you had taken my advice, you would be better now
这句话的意思是如果你以前要是能听我的忠告的话，你现在就会好多了。其条件句是与过去事实相反的虚拟句，而主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟句，这在语法书中叫做混合虚拟条件句。例如： If I had caught that plane， I would be dead now 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed Incorrect: He were you， he would go home at once Correct: Were he you， he would go home at once Correct: If he were you， he would go home at once
在虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，但if省略后其句子的结构要采用倒装语序。 Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think? Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me， what might she think? 这句话中没有if条件句，但仍要用作虚拟语态。这里因为有些分词或介词短语，起到了从句的作用。这些短语有： without， providing, supposing， but for(you)…
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Incorrect: To see the girl， you will like her Correct: To see the girl， you would like her 这里的条件句是用不定式取代了。
Incorrect: I'm sorry I did have come here by car Correct: I'm sorry I should have come here bycar 这里的条件句被省略了，其意为我真应该坐小车来。同样在句意不会混淆的情况下，主句也有时可以被省略，如：What if we should fail! (我们万一失败了如何)。 If he could do it, why not? (如果他能做，他怎么会不干呢?) Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west， I will give you this car as a gift
Correct: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west I would give you this car as a gift
条件句中也常用were to 来表示说话者认为可能性极小或根本不可能的事。 Incorrect: If you'd have told him early， he would have passed the exam Correct: If you had told him early， he would have passed the exam 非正式口语中往往听见外国人讲：'d have＋pp (过去分词)但仍没有人认为它是正确的句子，不易为我们效仿。
Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghost Correct: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost
要注意的是 as if 从句中如果用虚拟语气，它的用法要与 if条件句的动词结构相同，即与现在事实相反动词用过去式，be 动词用were，而与过去事实相反的动词用had＋pp (过去分词)。另外更要注意的是，并非所有 as if 从句都要用虚拟语气。如： Itlooks as if it is going to snow (看天好像要下雪)即是真实条件句。
Incorrect: I should have come here early， but I had beenbusy Correct: I should have come here early but I wasbusy but 是转折连词，其后的句子是真实句，而不是虚拟句。
Incorrect: To tell the truth， I wish I know her address now Correct: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress now
wish的宾语从句中要用虚拟结构，与现在事实相反的条件动词要用过去式，be动词用were，与过去事实相反的条件动词要用had＋过去分词。如： I wished I had passed that exam
Incorrect: His homework was written badly I wish he will do it better tomorrow Correct: His homework was written badly I wish he would do it better tomorrow
wish要用来表示对现状不满，希望将来有所改进，则要用would加动词原形。 并非wish不能表达真正的祝愿，但是不能接从句，而要用双宾语，或不定式，
虚拟语气语法情况总结材料
