非谓语动词（一） ----- 动词不定式
动词不定式、分词（现在分词，过去分词）和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名 词合为一大类叫作 v
+ ing形式。动词不定式、过去分词及
谓语动词。
（一）动词不定式： 动词不定式由“ to+动词原形”。
v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非
1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。 语态式 一般式 进行式 完成进行式 ［完成式 主动 被动 to build to be build to have built to be buildi ng to have bee n build to have bee n buildi ng 2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如: 1) It is good to help each other. 2) To help each other is good.
3) I don ' t think it right to do it that way.
4) You are old eno ugh to take care of yourself now.
5) My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 6) She wishes to be a musician.；
7) I am determined to give up smoking.；
8) Can you give us some advice on what to do next? 9) Tell the children not to play on the street.
10) Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 11) We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .
1. A 下歹U词语常不定式作宾语： afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、 pla n、agree forget、like、prefer、decide、man age、try、arran ge、determ ine、desire 等。 B.常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词：
tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, lear n, expla in … 1） He taught us how to use the tool.
2） No one could tell me where to get the book.
2. 如果句中的谓语动词为 see, watch, look at ,hear, listen to ,have, make, let, feel , observe ,notice,等，作宾语 补足语的动词不定式须将 to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.变被动时要加to,此时的不定式 就是主语补足语。 3. 作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如： Is this the best way to help him? 作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如： He is the man to depe nd on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为 place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如： The old man is look ing for a quiet place to live.
4. 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。 果。 We hurried to the station only to find the train had left .
only to do表示出人意料的结
5. 复合结构不定式：由 for +名词（或代词宾格）+ to do sth.
如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑 主语的性质或特征时，就用介词 of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有 good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite 等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.
6. 疑问词+动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表 语或宾语，如： How to preve nt them from swimmi ng in this river is a problem. 7. 动词不定式的否定式： 动词不定式的否定式是由 not +动词不定式构成，女口： It ' s wrong of you not to attend the meeti ng.
8. 不定式的完成时的特殊用法。
① 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
The novel was said to have bee n published.
I regret to have bee n with you for so many years.
seem、appear、be said、be supposed be believed、be thought、be known、be reported 等动词常用于上面句 型。 此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised> disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。 I 'nsorry to keep you waiting for a minute. 对不起，请稍等。 （说话时还未等） I 'nsorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。 （说话时已等了很久）
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8. 不定式的省略
① 同一结构并列由and或or连接。
I want to finish my homework and go home.
I 'nreally puzzled what to think or say. 特例： To be or not to be,this is a questi on. He is better to laugh than to cry.（表示对比） ② 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有
do时，后面的to省略。
What he did was lose the game.
③ 句中含有动词 do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即 前有do,后省to ”。 Don' do anything silly, such as marry him.
④ 主句含有不定式，后面有 rather than, rather than后省to。 ⑤ Why not、had better、would rather、can' but 等词后省 to。如：
He could not but walk home. 9. 不定式的替代。
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时， 容常承前省略（只保留 to即可）。常见的有：I 'dke / love / be happy to. 但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的 have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形 be或have。如： ---Susa n is not what she used to be. —You came late last ni ght. You ought to have fini shed your homework. —I know I ought to have. 非谓语动词（二） ----- 动词-ing形式
1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的 -ing 则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词 动词语态 形式 一般式 完成式 及物动词make 主动语态 mak ing havi ng made -ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的
不及物动词go :主动语态 goi ng hav ing gone make 和不及物动词 go为例，将其 -ing 各种形式列表如下:
被动语态 being made havi ng bee n made to后的内
2、-ing形式的基本用法。作主语，表语，宾语，定语，宾语补足语，状语 1) The sleeping child is only five years old. 2) Seeing is believing. 3) It isn ' t much good writing to them again. 4) It ' s no use waitiihere.
5) Her job is washing and cooking.
6) We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 7) Seeing Tom，I couldn ' t help thinking of his brother. 8) When cross ing street，you must be careful. 9) Being ill，he didn
' t go to school yesterday.
10) Mary stood at the school gate，wait ing for Betty.
1. 动名词作宾语。
① 下列动词后只能接动名词：
suggest，finish，avoid，stop，can ' htlp，mind，enjoy，require，practise，miss，escape，pardon，advise，consider，imagi ne，keep，appreciate，eacape，permit。 ② 下列动词短语接动名词：
leave off，put off，give up，look forward to, feel like，have trouble / difficulty(i n) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth 。 ③ 介词后要接动名词。 what about、how about> without > be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。 2. 动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：
1） . remember to do sth.记住要做的事 remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事 2） . forget to do sth.忘记要做的事 forget doing sth.忘记做过的事 3） regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉 regret doi ng sth.对发生过的事后悔
4） ................... . try to do sth.设法 ，试图 try doing sth.试试看，试一试
5) ............................................. . mean to do sth.打算做 ，想要 mean doing sth.意味着，就是 6) . need/want/require doing 需要被做 need/want/require to be done 需要被做
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3、 主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。 主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作 之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中白 __________________________________________________________ 如: Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.
4、 -ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成 -ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或 名词所有格为 -ing 的逻辑主语。如： Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口 语中，这种结构如作宾语用， 其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格， 女口： She insisted on Peter ' s (or Peter)going there first.
名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，
-ing形式。表示一 个具体某一次的
5、 -ing形式与动词不定式的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用 动作时，多用动词不定式，
女口 ： She likes play ing the pia no, but she does n't want to play it today. 非谓语动词(三)一一过去分词
1、 过去分词的基本用法： 过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是 已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。 The stolen car was found by the police last week. The glass is broke n.
When I ope ned the door, I found the gro und covered by falle n leaves. Seen from the hill/ When see n from the hill, our tow n looks beautiful Give n more time/ If give n more time, we could have done it better.
独立主格：一般情况下-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种 独立的主语，一般为名词
或代词，位于其前之前，和
-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。
The bell ringing, we all stopped talk ing.
She read the letter, tears rolli ng dow n her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolli ng dow n her cheeks. 2、 -ing形式与过去分词的区别： (1) 语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。
an in spiri ng speech the in spired audie nee
(2) 时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往
往是已经完成的动作，如： The changing world ； the changed world。
(3) 判断-ing形式与过去分词的关键：先找逻辑主语，分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词，就是该 分词的逻辑主语； 分词作表语时，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语；分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是 其逻辑主语；分词作状语时，句中的主语就是其逻辑主语。 【1993-2003年高考试题选编】
1 (93) How about the two of us ____ a walk dow n the garde n? A. to take B. take C. taki ng
D. to be tak ing
2 (93) The computer cen tre, ___ last year, is very popular among the stude nts in this school. A. ope n
B. ope ning C. havi ng ope ned
D. ope ned
3、 ________________________________________ (93) Charles Babbage is gen erally con sidered the first computer.
A. to invent B. inven ti ng C. to have inven ted 4 (94). --I must apologize for ____ ahead of time.
--That's all right.
A. lett ing you not know B. not lett ing you know C. lett ing you know not D. lett ing not you know 5.(94) The miss ing boys were last seen ____ n ear the river.
A. playi ng
B. to be playi ng
C. play
D. to play
D. hav ing inven ted
6 (94) The visit ing Mini ster expressed his satisfact ion with the talks, ___ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. havi ng added B. to add
C. addi ng
D. added
7. (94) The first textbooks ___ for teachi ng En glish as a foreig n Ian guage came out in the 16th cen tury.
A. havi ng writte n B. to be writte n
C. being writte n
D. writte n
8. (95).--You were brave eno ugh to raise object ions at the meeti ng: ---Well, now I regret ____ that.
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句子成分、简单句、并列句与复合句(1)概要(20200919165248)
