综合英语4-第三单元unit3课文
1 The term \architecture\was coined by Frank Lloyd Wright(1867 - 1959).It is a philosophy of architecture that promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches,which are so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings,' furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition According to Wright, the idea of organic architecture refers not only to the buildings' literal relationship to the natural surroundings,but also how the buildings' design is carefully thought out as a unified organism Geometries throughout Wright's works build a central mood and theme. Essentially organic architecture is the literal design of every element of a building: from the windows, to the floors, to the individual chairs, intended to fill the space. Everything relates to one another, reflecting the symbiotic ordering of systems of nature.
2 Organic buildings are characterized by wavy line, and curved shapes that suggest natural forms, instead .of being linear or rigidly geometric. Wright once said that all twentieth century, Modernist architects took the concept of organic architecture to new heights. By using new forms of concrete and cantilever trusses,architects could create swooping arches without visible beams or pillars. 1“有机建筑”一词是由弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特（1867-1959年)创造的）。 它是一种建筑哲学，通过设计促进人类居住与自然世界之间的和谐 它是如此的同情和与它的网站很好地结合，以至于建筑物，‘家具和周围环境成为一个统一的，相互关联的组成的一部分 有机建筑不仅是指建筑与自然环境的字面关系，也是指建筑设计是如何作为一个统一的有机体被仔细地思考的 赖特的作品建立了一个中心的情绪和主题。 从本质上讲，有机建筑是建筑每一个元素的字面设计：从窗户到地板，再到单独的椅子， 打算填补这个空间。 一切事物都相互关联，反映了自然系统的共生秩序。
2有机建筑的特点是波浪线和弯曲的形状，建议自然形式，而不是线性或刚性几何。 赖特曾经说过，整个二十世纪，现代主义 建筑师们把有机建筑的概念提升到了新的高度。通过使用新形式的混凝土和悬臂桁架，建筑师可以创造没有可见梁或柱子的俯拱门。
3 Inspired by the non-linearity and creative forces of nature and biological organisms,organic architecture is visually poetic, radical, idiosyncratic and environmentally aware; it embodies harmony of place, person and materials. Organic architecture is multi-faceted, free and surprising.
4 Organic architecture also reflects the feminine way of thinking prevalent in very old traditions stretching back to Earth Mother goddess cults and can be seen in the beautiful and flowing art and artifacts of the Anatolian,
Minoan, Etruscan, and Ancient Greek cultures. There is also a correlation between straight line and rectangle,and angular, masculine design and mechanistic politics. The inspiration for organic architecture comes from nature and can be seen in the shapes and designs that mimic natural images.
5 Although the word organic usually refers to something that bears the characteristics of plants or animals, for Wright the term organic architecture had a separate meaning. For him organic architecture was an interpretation of nature's principles manifested in buildings that were in harmony with the world around them.Wright held that a building should be a product of its place and its time, intimately connected to a particular moment and site never the result of an imposed style.
Wright was interested in the relationship between buildings and their surrounding environments. He believed that a building should complement its environment so as to create a single, unified space that appeared to \naturally\out of the ground. Heal so thought that a building should function like a cohesive organism, where each part of the design related to the whole. Wright's organic architecture often incorporated natural elements such as light, plants, and water into his designs. His color choices reflect the environment as well with yellows, oranges, and browns. His favorite accent color is red, which has importance both in nature and in the Japanese culture, which he studied, visited, and admired.
3受自然和生物体的非线性和创造力的启发，有机建筑在视觉上富有诗意、激进、独特和环境意识；它体现了p的和谐 蕾丝、人和材料。有机建筑是多方面的，免费的和令人惊讶的。
4有机建筑也反映了在非常古老的传统中流行的女性思维方式，可以追溯到地球母亲女神崇拜，可以在美丽和流动的艺术和ar中看到 安纳托利亚人、米诺斯人、伊特鲁里亚人和古希腊文化的事实。在直线和矩形、角度化的、男性化的设计和机械化的政治之间也有相关性。工程师 对有机建筑的呼吸来自自然，可以从模仿自然图像的形状和设计中看到。
5虽然有机建筑这个词通常是指具有植物或动物特征的东西，但对赖特来说，有机建筑这个词有不同的含义。为他设计的有机建筑图图 这是对自然原则的一种解释，表现在与周围世界和谐相处的建筑中。赖特认为，一座建筑应该是它的位置和时代的产物 最近连接到一个特定的时刻和地点，永远不是一个强加的风格的结果。
赖特对建筑和它们的周围环境之间的关系很感兴趣。他认为，一个建筑应该补充它的环境，以创造一个单一的，统一的空间 在似乎“自然生长”的地面上。他治愈了这个问题，所以他认为一个建筑应该像一个有凝聚力的有机体一样运作，其中设计的每个部分都与整体有关。赖特的有机艺术 “建筑”经常将光、植物和水等自然元素融入到他的设计中。他的颜色选择也反映了环境中的黄色、橙色和棕色。他最喜欢的口音是c 颜色是红色的，这在自然中和他研究、参观和欣赏的日本文化中都很重要。
7 Through years of study and experimentation, organic architecture came to describe Wright's total design ideology. Some of the governing principles of this philosophy include:
The belief that a building should appear to grow easily from its site
Choosing one dominant form for a building and integrating that form throughout Using natural colors: Go into the woods and field for color schemes\ Revealing the nature of materials
Opening up spaces Providing a place for natural foliage.
通过多年的研究和实验，有机建筑开始描述赖特的总体设计意识形态。这一哲学的一些管理原则包括： 相信建筑应该很容易从现场生长
选择一种主要形式的建筑，并整合该形式在整个使用自然颜色：进入树林和田野的配色方案”
揭示材料的本质 打开空间 为天然树叶提供了一个地方。
8 Wright also embraced new materials, machinery,and
technologies.Far from seeing them in opposition to nature, he saw them as allies. Depending upon each other for
them in opposition to nature, he saw them as allies Depending upon new architecture their integrity, nature would inform and machinery execute a totally
-one where the machine’s capacities transformed natural principles into architectural forms.
9 Organic architecture is a living tradition that is taking on new and exciting directions. It is not a unified movement but is diverse, perverse, contradictory, and mercurial. Always controversial and difficult to pin down, it is best experienced\the round\with all one's senses by visiting real buildings. Sometimes called the other tradition, it has a long and celebrated history, from Ancient Greece to Art Nouveau.Organic architecture is rooted in a passion for life, nature, and natural forms, and is full of the vitality of the natural world with its biological forms and processes.Emphasizing beauty and harmony, its free flowing curves and expressive forms are sympathetic to the human body, mind, and spirit. In a well-designed organic\
10Here are examples of some world famous organic modernism architecture.
11Architet Eero Saarinen is known for designing grand bird-like buildings such as the TWA terminal at New York's Kennedy Airport and Dulles Airport near Washington, D.C.
8赖特也接受了新的材料、机械、和技术。他非但没有看到他们与自然相反，
而是认为他们是盟友。相互依赖的原因是为了
他们与自然相反，他认为他们是盟友，这取决于新建筑的完整性，自然会告知和机器完全执行
-其中一个是机器的能力将自然原理转化为建筑形式。
9有机建筑是一个活生生的传统，正在朝着新的和令人兴奋的方向发展。 这
不是一个统一的运动，而是多样化、反常、矛盾和多变的运动。 总是有争议的 很难确定，它是最好的经验“在回合”与所有的感官通过访问真正的建筑物。 有时被称为另一个传统，它有一个悠久和著名的历史，从古代 希腊到新艺术。 有机建筑植根于对生命、自然和自然形式的热情，并以其生物形式和过程充满自然世界的活力。 强调 美与和谐，其自由流动的曲线和表现形式是对人体、心灵和精神的同情。 在精心设计的有机建筑中，我们感觉更好、更自由。
10这里是一些世界著名的有机现代主义建筑的例子。
11以设计大鸟状建筑而闻名，如纽约肯尼迪机场的TWA航站楼和华盛顿附近的杜勒斯机场， D. C.
14 Utzon's design was, arguably, beyond the capabilities of engineering of the time.Utzon spent a couple of years reworking the design and it was 1961 before he had solved the problem of how to build the distinguishing feature - the sails of the roof.15 Till now, modern information technology and the rapid spread of computer- aided design (CAD) to all fields of architecture and design, has helped to free up design and designers creative processes. With the latest three-dimensional design software it is much easier to design and model sophisticated and complex shapes and forms. The straight line, right angle, and cube are no longer easiest and more efficient forms of design and the dominant features of architecture. Using the strength through shape principle\curved forms such as arches, vaults, domes, and spheres are stronger,more efficient, and more economical than the equivalent rectilinear structures. Both modern and traditional materials can be used organically: new lightweight, tensile tent structures emulate the idea of the Native American Indian tepee, while modern curving earth or straw bale built walls and vaults rediscover an ancient vernacular.
乌特松的设计，可以说，是超出了当时的工程设计能力的。乌松花了几年的时间重新设计设计方法，直到1961年他才解决了如何建造它的问题 显著的特点是，屋顶的船帆。15到现在为止，现代信息技术和计算机辅助设计(CAD)的快速传播到建筑和设计的所有领域，都有所帮助 解放了设计和设计师的创意过程。使用最新的三维设计软件，它更容易设计和建模复杂和复杂的形状和形式。就在这一条直线上， 直角，和立方体不再是最简单和更有效的设计形式和建筑的主要特征。利用强度通过形状原理”，弯曲的形状，如拱门，保罗 ts、圆顶和球体比等效的直线结构更能更强、更有效、更经济。现代和传统材料都可以有机使用：新轻，十 帐篷结构模仿了美洲印第安人的帐篷的想法，而现代弯曲的泥土或稻草桶建造的墙壁和金库重新发现了一种古老的方言。
综合英语4-第三单元unit3课文 - 图文
