词汇学复习重点
1. jargon------ Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of
particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.
2. translation loans ---- Translation loans are words and expressions formed from
the existi ng material in the En glish Ian guage but modeled on the patter ns take n from another Ianguage.
3. Renaissance --- It is a European movement of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics.
4. Allomorph------ one of the variants of the same morpheme
5. inflectional affix ----- an affix that in dicates grammatical relation ships
6. acronyms ---- the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of
names of social and poli廿cal organiza廿ons special noun phrases and technical terms 7. back-formation ------ the method of crea廿ng words by removing the supposed suffixes
8. polygsemy ----- Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same 廿me.
9. morpheme ----- It is a minimal meaningful unit of a Ianguage, or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.
10. grammaticalmeaning -------- that part of the meaning of the word indicates
gramma 廿cal con cept or re la 廿on ships such as part of speech of words, sin gular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their in flee 廿 onal forms. 11. homonym ---- Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or iden廿cal only in sound or spelling.
12. reference ----- what a linguistic form refers to in the real word. It is the relaUonship between Ianguage and the world
13. semanticfield ------- Semant:ic field is concerned with the vocabulary of a Ianguage as a system of interrelated lexical networks.
14. motivation --- the cormection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 15. conceptualmeaning ------- the mea ning give n in the die 廿on ary and forms the core of word-mea ning.
16. amelioration -------- or eleva廿on, a process by which words rise from humble begirrnings to posi廿ons of im porta nee.
17. transfer----- a process whereby words which were used to designate one thing have changed to mean something else.
1? Discuss the major characteristics of Basic word stock with examples? Basic word stock contains the following characteristics:
All national character: Words of the basic word stock denote the most comm on things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the Ianguage. Stability: As they denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. Stability, however, is only relative.
Productivity: Words of the basic word stock are most root words or mono syllabic words; They can form new words with other roots and affixes
Polysemy: Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semant:ic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.
Collocability: Many words of the basic word stock have strong collocability.
2. What are the major modes of modern vocabulary expansion and give your examples ? The major modes are crea廿on, semant:ic change and borrowing.
Creation refers to the forma廿on of new words by using existing materials, namely roots, affixes, and other elements. Semantic change means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to meet the new ,such as mouse and web. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new words.
Creation:词根词缀构成新词
semantic change: the word an gel is an example. The word is the n ame of a spiritual being, now, it has a new meaning used to refer to a radar echo caused by something not visually discernible.
Borrowing: From French Ianguage, English has taken such words as: auteur, black humor,
limo
From German Ianguage, English has taken such words as: humoresque From Chinese Ianguage, English has taken such words as: Kung fu, wok
3? What are the inflectional affixes frequently used in English? Discuss the meaning each
ofthem indicates. -(e)s— plural number
-(e)s— third- person singular present tense -(e)d— past tense -ing— progressive aspect -er— compara廿ve degree -est— superla廿ve degree -'s— possessive case
4. How compounds differ from free phrases? Give examples to dwell on this point? phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first eleme nt and the sec on dary stress, if any, on the sec ond whereas the opposite is true of free phrases, e.g. “a ' gree nroom” is a compo un d, while “agree n ' room” is a free phrase.
semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. For
example, “agree n hand” is a n “in experie need pers on”.
Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example verb, a noun or an adjec廿ve. “Bad-mouth” used as a verb can take the third person singular-s.
5? Both back-formation and back-clipping are ways of making words by removing the
endings of words ? Explain their differences ?
Back-forma廿on is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixed. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. For example, \to derive from the verb \\： a verb \廿on occurs at the end of word. Both the original long word and its short form remain in the same word class. 6? What is the relationship between concept and meaning?
Meaning and concept are closely cormected but not iden廿cal. They are both related directly to ref ere nts and are notions of the words but belong to differe nt categories. Concept, which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of human cognitJon, reflec廿ng the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, Ianguage and so on whereas meaning belongs to Ianguage, so is restricted to Ianguage use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are Ianguages in the world . Even in the same Ianguage, the same concept can be expressed in different words.
7. What is the relationship between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?
Gramma廿cal meanings refer to that part of the meaning of the world which indicates gramma 廿cal con cept or rela 廿on ships such as part of speech of words, sin gular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their in flee 廿 onal forms. Gramma 廿cal meaning of a word becomes im porta nt only when it is used in actual con text. Differe nt lexical items, which have differe nt lexical meanin gs, may have the same gramma廿cal meaning, on the other hand, the same word may have different gramma廿cal meanings. Lexical meaning and gramma廿cal meaning make up the word meaning. It is known that gramma廿cal meaning surfaces only in use .But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words withi n or without con text as it is related to the notion that a word conveys.
8? What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How to differentiate
them?
The differenee between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distJn guishable meanin gs. One im porta nt criterion is to see their etymology. Homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and cormected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In die廿onaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headwork while homonyms are listed as separate en tries.
9? Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms?
1) antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition
词汇学复习重点.doc
