That， at least， is the hope． But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check． Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language．
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky， who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar． A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language， which is why children can learn it so quickly．
（49）The second， by Joshua Greenberg， takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits （particularly in word order） shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2，000 languages．（50）Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it． Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co－dependencies between particular types of word－order relations．Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis， suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age－specific and not governed by universals
第 26 页 共 30 页
[NxtPage]
Section III Writing
Part A
51． Directions：
Some internationals students are coming to your university． Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1） extend your welcome and
2） provide some suggestions for their campus life here．
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2．Do not sign your name at the end of the letter． Use “Li Ming” instead．
Do not write the address（10 points）
Part B
52． Directions： write an essay of 160－200 words based on the following drawing． In your essay you should
第 27 页 共 30 页
1） describe the drawing briefly
2） explain its intended meaning， and
3） give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2．（20 points）
2012年考研英语参考答案
第 28 页 共 30 页
1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．B 7．D 8．B 9．A 10．B 11．A 12．C 13．C 14．D 15．A
16．C 17．A 18．C 19．D 20．D 21．D 22．D 23．A 24．C 25．D 26．C 27．A 28．A 29．B 30．B
31．A 32．D 33．B 34．D 35．D 36．C 37．D 38．B 39．A 40．A 41．C 42．D 43．A 44．F 45．G
46．在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论－－－一条我们都可以看的见，明白的普遍公式。
47．在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则，如果所有的人类都有共同的起源，那么文化差异能够追寻到更早的可控的起源也是合理的。
48．从我们的共同特征中过滤独特性能够使我们明白文化行为的复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认知方面指导我们人类。
49、其实，由约书亚格林伯说，将更多的经验主义用在了普遍性上，验证许多语言所共有的特点，这些特点被认为是代表了由认知限制造成的偏见。
50．乔姆斯基的语法应该表现了语言更改的模式，是通过独立的家谱或由它所跟踪的路径，而通过性预测的特定类型间的合作关系。
第 29 页 共 30 页
第 30 页 共 30 页
2012考研英语试题及参考答案-真正免费下载
